Forms of buying gold
Any investor has to be aware of the different forms of buying gold.
Jewellery: The most traditional and the dominant form of buying gold in India is in fact not an investment idea.
The reason is that there are heavy losses in the form of wastage and making charges. This can vary from a minimum of 10 per cent to as high as 35 per cent for special and complex designs.
Bank coins: Again not an investment idea as the premium that banks charge for their coins is anywhere between 5 per cent and 10 per cent. Also the bank coins have lesser liquidity as they are not bought back by the banks.
World Gold Council coins: These are coins issued by jewelers who are part of the WGC network. They have lesser premium over the market price (1% to 2%) and are redeemed at the market price when one takes them for selling off.
Bullion bars: These are good modes for investment but the minimum investment here is much higher than a common investor can think of.
Gold Exchange Traded Funds: ETFs are a hot option these days. These are like mutual funds that invest only in gold. They are proving to be an easier and safer mode to buy gold. The charges are very less and the gold can be accessed electronically. The disadvantage is that one never gets to 'see' one's holdings.
Current income
Gold in any form does not give any current income. The only exception is the dividend option in the gold ETFs. If held in the physical form, there is only outflow of cash for the maintenance of lockers.
Capital appreciation
Historically, gold has been the perfect hedge for inflation. This is based on data from the year 1800 AD. But in terms of absolute returns gold has fared rather poorly giving returns at only 0.8% above inflation.
Real estate and shares beat gold squarely on the capital appreciation front. Real estate and shares have given returns of about 11% over inflation since 1979 (1979 as that was the year the index called Sensex was formed).
In the short run, however, gold is a very strong bet, compared to shares which are highly volatile. The idea for gold investment will be to use it at times when the markets are falling and when the inflation is very high.
A 5 per cent of the overall investment portfolio can be considered for gold investments (bullion, WGC coins, gold ETFs). Jewellery is not an investment as far as personal finance goes. It is only an expense for pleasure, symbolising wealth.
Risk
Gold does not carry much risk at least in India, as we hardly see deflation in the real sense. Even when the official figures where showing negative inflation (deflation) during the last year, the actual prices of food items were increasing. This was reflected in the gold prices too.
The real risk with buying gold is in the opportunity cost of investing in other avenues that can actually give higher returns.
Liquidity
Gold scores the highest in terms of liquidity, compared to all other investments. At anytime of the day and any day gold could literally be converted to cash. Banks would give you a jewellery loan. (Remember though that many banks do not give loans on coins, including their own).
So would your friendly neighborhood pawn shop. They can also be sold in some pawn shops, though many are cautious to purchase in these outlets for fear of 'stolen jewellery'.
Gold jewelers would exchange your gold possessions for other gold jewels. But the problem here is that there is going to be making and wastage charges involved again. Here we lose the value (to the extent of 10% to 35%) of gold jewels.
An unfortunate social aspect in most families in India related to liquidity is that, gold has sentiments attached and is the last item to leave the house in case of financial difficulties. This negates the entire purpose of gold having liquidity.
Tax treatment
Gold suffers capital gains tax as per the IT act. So it is better to ask your jeweler for the bill. Close to 90% of the gold jewellery traded in India is unbilled. This is a serious problem for those who look at gold as an investment. Only the branded jewelers would automatically give you a bill. At other places ask for one.
We can make use of indexation benefits when calculating the capital gains of gold. So the tax payable will not be much.
Gold does not have any other tax benefits.
Convenience
Gold scores very high here. But with the per gram price rising, the smallest single investment is becoming higher. With the emergence of Golf ETFs the convenience to hold gold for the short term has increased many folds. Instead of holding cash for the short term, one can today make investments in Gold ETFs.
Conclusion
Gold has proved itself time and again to be the perfect hedge for inflation. But to look at it as a hedge avenue, Indians are yet to consider this market actively as the purchases continue to be dominated by jewellery.
Gold only beats inflation. It fares poorly when compared to real estate or shares when compared on the basis of real inflation adjusted returns.